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Merge pull request #2277 from jlara310/master 

Improve quickstart's Routing section
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David Lord 8 years ago committed by GitHub
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      docs/quickstart.rst

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@ -159,14 +159,11 @@ Have another debugger in mind? See :ref:`working-with-debuggers`.
Routing Routing
------- -------
Modern web applications have beautiful URLs. This helps people remember Modern web applications use meaningful URLs to help users. Users are more
the URLs, which is especially handy for applications that are used from likely to like a page and come back if the page uses a meaningful URL they can
mobile devices with slower network connections. If the user can directly remember and use to directly visit a page.
go to the desired page without having to hit the index page it is more
likely they will like the page and come back next time.
As you have seen above, the :meth:`~flask.Flask.route` decorator is used to Use the :meth:`~flask.Flask.route` decorator to bind a function to a URL. ::
bind a function to a URL. Here are some basic examples::
@app.route('/') @app.route('/')
def index(): def index():
@ -176,16 +173,16 @@ bind a function to a URL. Here are some basic examples::
def hello(): def hello():
return 'Hello, World' return 'Hello, World'
But there is more to it! You can make certain parts of the URL dynamic and You can do more! You can make parts of the URL dynamic and attach multiple
attach multiple rules to a function. rules to a function.
Variable Rules Variable Rules
`````````````` ``````````````
To add variable parts to a URL you can mark these special sections as You can add variable sections to a URL by marking sections with
``<variable_name>``. Such a part is then passed as a keyword argument to your ``<variable_name>``. Your function then receives the ``<variable_name>``
function. Optionally a converter can be used by specifying a rule with as a keyword argument. Optionally, you can use a converter to specify the type
``<converter:variable_name>``. Here are some nice examples:: of the argument like ``<converter:variable_name>``. ::
@app.route('/user/<username>') @app.route('/user/<username>')
def show_user_profile(username): def show_user_profile(username):
@ -197,175 +194,122 @@ function. Optionally a converter can be used by specifying a rule with
# show the post with the given id, the id is an integer # show the post with the given id, the id is an integer
return 'Post %d' % post_id return 'Post %d' % post_id
The following converters exist: @app.route('/path/<path:subpath>')
def show_subpath(subpath):
# show the subpath after /path/
return 'Subpath %s' % subpath
=========== =============================================== Converter types:
`string` accepts any text without a slash (the default)
`int` accepts integers
`float` like ``int`` but for floating point values
`path` like the default but also accepts slashes
`any` matches one of the items provided
`uuid` accepts UUID strings
=========== ===============================================
.. admonition:: Unique URLs / Redirection Behavior ========== ==========================================
``string`` (default) accepts any text without a slash
``int`` accepts positive integers
``float`` accepts positive floating point values
``path`` like ``string`` but also accepts slashes
``uuid`` accepts UUID strings
========== ==========================================
Flask's URL rules are based on Werkzeug's routing module. The idea Unique URLs / Redirection Behavior
behind that module is to ensure beautiful and unique URLs based on ``````````````````````````````````
precedents laid down by Apache and earlier HTTP servers.
Take these two rules:: Take these two rules::
@app.route('/projects/') @app.route('/projects/')
def projects(): def projects():
return 'The project page' return 'The project page'
@app.route('/about') @app.route('/about')
def about(): def about():
return 'The about page' return 'The about page'
Though they look rather similar, they differ in their use of the trailing Though they look similar, they differ in their use of the trailing slash in
slash in the URL *definition*. In the first case, the canonical URL for the the URL. In the first case, the canonical URL for the ``projects`` endpoint
``projects`` endpoint has a trailing slash. In that sense, it is similar to uses a trailing slash. It's similar to a folder in a file system; if you
a folder on a filesystem. Accessing it without a trailing slash will cause access the URL without a trailing slash, Flask redirects you to the
Flask to redirect to the canonical URL with the trailing slash. canonical URL with the trailing slash.
In the second case, however, the URL is defined without a trailing slash, In the second case, however, the URL definition lacks a trailing slash,
rather like the pathname of a file on UNIX-like systems. Accessing the URL like the pathname of a file on UNIX-like systems. Accessing the URL with a
with a trailing slash will produce a 404 "Not Found" error. trailing slash produces a 404 “Not Found” error.
This behavior allows relative URLs to continue working even if the trailing
slash is omitted, consistent with how Apache and other servers work. Also,
the URLs will stay unique, which helps search engines avoid indexing the
same page twice.
This behavior allows relative URLs to continue working even if the trailing
slash is omitted, consistent with how Apache and other servers work. Also,
the URLs will stay unique, which helps search engines avoid indexing the
same page twice.
.. _url-building: .. _url-building:
URL Building URL Building
```````````` ````````````
If it can match URLs, can Flask also generate them? Of course it can. To To build a URL to a specific function, use the :func:`~flask.url_for` function.
build a URL to a specific function you can use the :func:`~flask.url_for` It accepts the name of the function as its first argument and any number of
function. It accepts the name of the function as first argument and a number keyword arguments, each corresponding to a variable part of the URL rule.
of keyword arguments, each corresponding to the variable part of the URL rule. Unknown variable parts are appended to the URL as query parameters.
Unknown variable parts are appended to the URL as query parameters. Here are
some examples::
>>> from flask import Flask, url_for
>>> app = Flask(__name__)
>>> @app.route('/')
... def index(): pass
...
>>> @app.route('/login')
... def login(): pass
...
>>> @app.route('/user/<username>')
... def profile(username): pass
...
>>> with app.test_request_context():
... print(url_for('index'))
... print(url_for('login'))
... print(url_for('login', next='/'))
... print(url_for('profile', username='John Doe'))
...
/
/login
/login?next=/
/user/John%20Doe
(This also uses the :meth:`~flask.Flask.test_request_context` method, explained
below. It tells Flask to behave as though it is handling a request, even
though we are interacting with it through a Python shell. Have a look at the
explanation below. :ref:`context-locals`).
Why would you want to build URLs using the URL reversing function Why would you want to build URLs using the URL reversing function
:func:`~flask.url_for` instead of hard-coding them into your templates? :func:`~flask.url_for` instead of hard-coding them into your templates?
There are three good reasons for this:
1. Reversing is often more descriptive than hard-coding the URLs. More 1. Reversing is often more descriptive than hard-coding the URLs.
importantly, it allows you to change URLs in one go, without having to 2. You can change your URLs in one go instead of needing to remember to
remember to change URLs all over the place. manually change hard-coded URLs.
2. URL building will handle escaping of special characters and Unicode 3. URL building handles escaping of special characters and Unicode data
data transparently for you, so you don't have to deal with them. transparently.
3. If your application is placed outside the URL root - say, in 4. If your application is placed outside the URL root, for example, in
``/myapplication`` instead of ``/`` - :func:`~flask.url_for` will handle ``/myapplication`` instead of ``/``, :func:`~flask.url_for` properly
that properly for you. handles that for you.
For example, here we use the :meth:`~flask.Flask.test_request_context` method
to try out :func:`~flask.url_for`. :meth:`~flask.Flask.test_request_context`
tells Flask to behave as though it's handling a request even while we use a
Python shell. See :ref:`context-locals`. ::
from flask import Flask, url_for
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/')
def index():
return 'index'
@app.route('/login')
def login():
return 'login'
@app.route('/user/<username>')
def profile(username):
return '{}'s profile'.format(username)
with app.test_request_context():
print(url_for('index'))
print(url_for('login'))
print(url_for('login', next='/'))
print(url_for('profile', username='John Doe'))
/
/login
/login?next=/
/user/John%20Doe
HTTP Methods HTTP Methods
```````````` ````````````
HTTP (the protocol web applications are speaking) knows different methods for Web applications use different HTTP methods when accessing URLs. You should
accessing URLs. By default, a route only answers to ``GET`` requests, but that familiarize yourself with the HTTP methods as you work with Flask. By default,
can be changed by providing the ``methods`` argument to the a route only answers to ``GET`` requests. You can use the ``methods`` argument
:meth:`~flask.Flask.route` decorator. Here are some examples:: of the :meth:`~flask.Flask.route` decorator to handle different HTTP methods.
::
from flask import request
@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST']) @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def login(): def login():
if request.method == 'POST': if request.method == 'POST':
return do_the_login() do_the_login()
else: else:
return show_the_login_form() show_the_login_form()
If ``GET`` is present, ``HEAD`` will be added automatically for you. You If ``GET`` is present, Flask automatically adds support for the ``HEAD`` method
don't have to deal with that. It will also make sure that ``HEAD`` requests and handles ``HEAD`` requests according to the the `HTTP RFC`_. Likewise,
are handled as the `HTTP RFC`_ (the document describing the HTTP ``OPTIONS`` is automatically implemented for you.
protocol) demands, so you can completely ignore that part of the HTTP
specification. Likewise, as of Flask 0.6, ``OPTIONS`` is implemented for you
automatically as well.
You have no idea what an HTTP method is? Worry not, here is a quick
introduction to HTTP methods and why they matter:
The HTTP method (also often called "the verb") tells the server what the
client wants to *do* with the requested page. The following methods are
very common:
``GET``
The browser tells the server to just *get* the information stored on
that page and send it. This is probably the most common method.
``HEAD``
The browser tells the server to get the information, but it is only
interested in the *headers*, not the content of the page. An
application is supposed to handle that as if a ``GET`` request was
received but to not deliver the actual content. In Flask you don't
have to deal with that at all, the underlying Werkzeug library handles
that for you.
``POST``
The browser tells the server that it wants to *post* some new
information to that URL and that the server must ensure the data is
stored and only stored once. This is how HTML forms usually
transmit data to the server.
``PUT``
Similar to ``POST`` but the server might trigger the store procedure
multiple times by overwriting the old values more than once. Now you
might be asking why this is useful, but there are some good reasons
to do it this way. Consider that the connection is lost during
transmission: in this situation a system between the browser and the
server might receive the request safely a second time without breaking
things. With ``POST`` that would not be possible because it must only
be triggered once.
``DELETE``
Remove the information at the given location.
``OPTIONS``
Provides a quick way for a client to figure out which methods are
supported by this URL. Starting with Flask 0.6, this is implemented
for you automatically.
Now the interesting part is that in HTML4 and XHTML1, the only methods a
form can submit to the server are ``GET`` and ``POST``. But with JavaScript
and future HTML standards you can use the other methods as well. Furthermore
HTTP has become quite popular lately and browsers are no longer the only
clients that are using HTTP. For instance, many revision control systems
use it.
.. _HTTP RFC: https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2068.txt .. _HTTP RFC: https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2068.txt

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